Steps to Earning a Criminal Justice Degree 2019

Criminal justice degrees are available through traditional universities and online. The online courses tend to offer fewer course options to meet a given requirement. Of course, there is also no campus to attend four or five days a week and no set class hours. Online college programs tend toward efficient design, providing an accredited degree with a thorough knowledge of the subject matter in as short a period as practicable. To get an idea of the range of topics covered in a criminal justice major, this article will outline the course lineup for a four-year university and an online college. Each course of study results in a bachelors degree in criminal justice. The brick-and-clock tower university has general education, or core requirements that, on completion, will constitute the foundation for a fairly comprehensive liberal arts degree. There are natural sciences and a literature or fine arts requirement, American history and one of three computer classes, math, statistics, public speaking, and writing classes. There are four behavioral sciences requirements, including economics and three public affairs courses such as Law and Public Policy. .udb60edaddba8cc4a2a602330fde5c358 { padding:0px; margin: 0; padding-top:1em!important; padding-bottom:1em!important; width:100%; display: block; font-weight:bold; background-color:#eaeaea; border:0!important; border-left:4px solid #34495E!important; box-shadow: 0 1px 2px rgba(0, 0, 0, 0.17); -moz-box-shadow: 0 1px 2px rgba(0, 0, 0, 0.17); -o-box-shadow: 0 1px 2px rgba(0, 0, 0, 0.17); -webkit-box-shadow: 0 1px 2px rgba(0, 0, 0, 0.17); text-decoration:none; } .udb60edaddba8cc4a2a602330fde5c358:active, .udb60edaddba8cc4a2a602330fde5c358:hover { opacity: 1; transition: opacity 250ms; webkit-transition: opacity 250ms; text-decoration:none; } .udb60edaddba8cc4a2a602330fde5c358 { transition: background-color 250ms; webkit-transition: background-color 250ms; opacity: 1; transition: opacity 250ms; webkit-transition: opacity 250ms; } .udb60edaddba8cc4a2a602330fde5c358 .ctaText { font-weight:bold; color:inherit; text-decoration:none; font-size: 16px; } .udb60edaddba8cc4a2a602330fde5c358 .post Title { color:#000000; text-decoration: underline!important; font-size: 16px; } .udb60edaddba8cc4a2a602330fde5c358:hover .postTitle { text-decoration: underline!important; } READ Bachelor Degree in Business Online Improve Employment Prospects with Formal Training in BusinessThe criminal justice courses cover the criminal justice system and the theory of criminal justice policy. Crime and public policy is a course requirement as is American Law Enforcement and a course in Corrections. Also required is a course on the criminal courts and a substantive course on criminal law, along with three additional criminal justice electives. Thats four years of college education that includes a careful inspection of criminal justice and its history from every perspective including the squad car, the bench, and the jail cell. The courses for the online degree are every bit as thorough regarding the major but provide far fewer options for the core courses. The online course outlined here is from the University of Phoenix Online and is designed for professionals already working in the field or a related field and who wish to further their opportunities. The three baseline courses on the roster are Skills for Professional Development, Contemporary Issues in Law Enforcement and Organized Crime. .u4f390946e0e3b607e55f65ff3a825d20 { padding:0px; margin: 0; padding-top:1em!important; padding-bottom:1em!important; width:100%; display: block; font-weight:bold; background-color:#eaeaea; border:0!important; border-left:4px solid #34495E!important; box-shadow: 0 1px 2px rgba(0, 0, 0, 0.17); -moz-box-shadow: 0 1px 2px rgba(0, 0, 0, 0.17); -o-box-shadow: 0 1px 2px rgba(0, 0, 0, 0.17); -webkit-box-shadow: 0 1px 2px rgba(0, 0, 0, 0.17); text-decoration:none; } .u4f390946e0e3b607e55f65ff3a825d20:active, .u4f390946e0e3b607e55f65ff3a825d20:hover { opacity: 1; transition: opacity 250ms; webkit-transition: opacity 250ms; text-decoration:none; } .u4f390946e0e3b607e55f65ff3a825d20 { transition: background-color 250ms; webkit-transition: background-color 250ms; opacity: 1; transition: opacity 250ms; webkit-transition: opacity 250ms; } .u4f390946e0e3b607e55f65ff3a825d20 .ctaText { font-weight:bold; color:inherit; text-decoration:none; font-size: 16px; } .u4f390946e0e3b607e55f65ff3a825d20 .post Title { color:#000000; text-decoration: underline!important; font-size: 16px; } .u4f390946e0e3b607e55f65ff3a825d20:hover .postTitle { text-decoration: underline!important; } READ Online BSN Program Do Employers Differentiate between ADN and BSN NursesFrom there, the curriculum moves into all of the components of the criminal justice system. There are courses in: Juvenile Justice. Policing. Criminal Procedure. Criminology. Interpersonal Communications. Court System. Corrections. In the area of the social aspects and research, course requirements include cultural diversity in the field, ethics in criminal justice, managing criminal justice personnel and overall criminal justice administration. There are perhaps six other courses in the curriculum, all of which hone in on singular aspects of the subject. It is fair to say that the orientation of the online course is more enforcement related than that of the university course requirements. However as University of Phoenix says in its program introduction, the criminal justice degree that they present is a means to an end. It is also a degree that can be awarded in less than four years. In the case of both sets of degree requirements, it is clear that a criminal justice professional must understand the rules of the environment in which he or she works and have the skills to understand and communicate with the people he or she encounters every day. .u3f825bb47a4a40a0526a468e737f56cd { padding:0px; margin: 0; padding-top:1em!important; padding-bottom:1em!important; width:100%; display: block; font-weight:bold; background-color:#eaeaea; border:0!important; border-left:4px solid #34495E!important; box-shadow: 0 1px 2px rgba(0, 0, 0, 0.17); -moz-box-shadow: 0 1px 2px rgba(0, 0, 0, 0.17); -o-box-shadow: 0 1px 2px rgba(0, 0, 0, 0.17); -webkit-box-shadow: 0 1px 2px rgba(0, 0, 0, 0.17); text-decoration:none; } .u3f825bb47a4a40a0526a468e737f56cd:active, .u3f825bb47a4a40a0526a468e737f56cd:hover { opacity: 1; transition: opacity 250ms; webkit-transition: opacity 250ms; text-decoration:none; } .u3f825bb47a4a40a0526a468e737f56cd { transition: background-color 250ms; webkit-transition: background-color 250ms; opacity: 1; transition: opacity 250ms; webkit-transition: opacity 250ms; } .u3f825bb47a4a40a0526a468e737f56cd .ctaText { font-weight:bold; color:inherit; text-decoration:none; font-size: 16px; } .u3f825bb47a4a40a0526a468e737f56cd .post Title { color:#000000; text-decoration: underline!important; font-size: 16px; } .u3f825bb47a4a40a0526a468e737f56cd:hover .postTitle { text-decoration: underline!important; } READ Psychology Graduate Schools Specialize in Experimental and Research PsychologyRelated ArticlesEarning a Masters Degrees in Computer Science OnlineOnline Courses in Computer ScienceSo You Have a Criminal Justice Degree, Now WhatGetting an Associates Degree in Paralegal StudiesAssociate of Science in Criminal Justice Connecticut Students Discover Flexible OptionsHelping the Nation With an Online Associates in Criminal Justice

The Effects of Colonialism in The River Between by Ngũgĩ...

In the novel The River between, Ngugi give a good account of the effects that colonialism had on the Kikuyu people. Ngugi goes on to demonstrate how the ideas of the modern Christian-European ways come into conflict with those of the traditional Kikuyu people and how for the Kikuyu, maintaining these traditions mean more than just following the path of their ancestors, but also about maintaining their identity as a people. Ngugi shows the complications and obstacles that arise when people on both sides fail to unit for a common cause and are unable to adapt and evolve their way of thinking to form a new way that benefits all. Ngugi portrays the Kikuyu as a people torn between two worlds. On one hand they feel obligated to hold true to†¦show more content†¦It would not satisfy† (Ngugi 141). Ngugi makes the case that rejecting all of ones beliefs without replacing them, leaves a person with no foundation. This lack of a foundation is what leads to the person to be lost and have no identity. On the other side of the ridge are the Kikuyu who live in the Kameno ridge. They are shown as traditionalists who adhere to the traditions of their ancestors. They are the opposite of Joshua’s Christians in the fact that they have deep roots which help to firmly plant them into their land as well has given them a great sense of identity. The people of Kameno do have a fear, that is the fear that the white man’s ways will continue to spread and eventually they will lose their culture. Chege is the elder of the Kikuyu people who sends his son Waiyaki to the missions to learn the ways of the white man in order to educate his people so that they can outwit them. Ngugi uses Waiyaki character as a bridge between the two worlds but also as a way to show the struggles and obstacles that have to be overcome before such a bridge can be built. It’s evident that Ngugi believed that a merger of both the colonial way of life and traditional way were needed in order to progress the Kikuyu people into the future. It was also necessary because it was the only way to unite the two groups.Show MoreRelatedThe River Between, by Ngugi wa Thiongo1439 Words   |  6 PagesWaiyaki is a young man who tackles the responsibility of mending the two ridges of Makuyu and Kameno that separated because of the religious of Christianity. The River Between, written by Ngugi wa Thiong’o, captures the ramifications of the white men religions and its effects on the two mountain ridges, that is separated by the Honia river, while the story surrounds around Waiyaki as he blossoms. In the story, Waiyaki, also known as The Teacher, is a strong, gallant young man that believes in the oldRead MoreAnalysis Of Oedipus The King Is The Concept Of Predestination2036 Words   |  9 Pages1. One element that I have learned from the Greek Drama Oe dipus the King is the concept of predestination. Throughout the play, this idea that a person’s destiny is already predetermined for them was clearly emphasized. Even when Oedipus tried to run away from his destiny, by the end of the play he fulfilled the foretold prophecy. This way of thinking made me draw a conclusion about how the culture of the Greeks were. Based off the play, I drew the conclusion that the Greeks highly revered theirRead MoreEast African Culture Reflects on Their Drama Using Aminata, Echoes of Silence and I Will Marry When I Want as Case Study12168 Words   |  49 PagesDEPARTMENT OF ENGLISH AND LITERARY STUDIES AN ASSIGNMENT ON: ELS 226 (MODERN AFRICAN DRAMA) SUBMITTED BY : GROUP 4 QUESTION: THE CULTURE OF THE PEOPLE DETERMINES ITS DRAMA. DISCUSS THE EAST AFRICAN EXPERIENCE AS EXEMPLIFY IN FRANCES LIMBULGA’S AMMATA, NGUGI WA THIONGO’ S I WILL MARRY WHEN I WANT AND JOHN RUGANDA’S ECHOES OF SILENCE. LECTURER-IN-CHARGE: DR OLANIYAN MRS LIST OF GROUP MEMBERS. OGUNFEIBO AYOKUNLE O 1002630 IBITOYE EBUNOLUWA ABIGAEL 1000154 ADEBIYI ADEBIMPE MOYOYINOLUWARead MoreOrientalism in Tayeb Salih’s Season of Migration to the North2758 Words   |  12 Pagesdiscussion of the â€Å"boundless historical chasm,† separating the east and west, Mustafa Sa’eed forewarns, â€Å"I have come to you as conqueror,† (50). The relationship between the Occident and the Orient is one of â€Å"love,† â€Å"hate,† â€Å"astonishment,† â€Å"fear,† and â€Å"desire† (132). Said seems to denounce the possibility of an objective reflection between the two spheres, â€Å"the chances of anything like a clear view of what one talks about in talking about the Near East are depressingly small† (92). Tayeb Salih’s novel

Step

Step-parenting Essay An Adult Step-Childs Understanding of Stepparenting I was a stepchild, I can tell you from first hand experience, that step relationships can be some of the most trying we face as social animals. Often times, children enter stepfamilies with a history of loss and change which is beyond their control. They may have endured a troubled, possible abusive marriage and or the painful death of a parent. In either case the family structure has been changed dramatically. In many cases, the will wonder if they are somehow to blame for events which have changed the family dynamic. Some children feel that they are unworthy of their parents love. Many children assume that they are responsible for the absence of their parent. Many children believe that their misbehavior may have been the reason. The childs subsequent lack of feeling worthy, can cause children to behave or misbehave, in different ways. They may withdraw from activities with friends and family, they may even think things like, How can anyone love me, my own parent didnt even love me? Children may misbehave because they are angry with themselves. One method of helping the child deal with his or her feeling of guilt is, for the adults (parents) to visit with the children right away. Discuss the changes and how they may affect everyday life, and provide them with non-judgmental information about what is happening in a straightforward way. Do not underestimate your childs ability to understand that changes are occurring. Common sense dictates, that you dont tell them all of the messy details, but a clear explanation that is age appropriate, of the situation which includes the assurance, that the child did nothing wrong, you could possible and your Dad/Mom and I will always love you. No matter where we are or what we are doing. Guilt can also consume a child if they feel disloyal to one biological parent. A child who likes or enjoys the company of their stepparent feels disloyal to their biological parent this is not an uncommon occurrence. The accompanying guilt may be a contributing factor in a childs behavior toward a stepparent and can cause the child to then push the stepparent away or remove themselves from situations that may otherwise be enjoyable. Adults often believe that children are young and resilient so theyll bounce back. Children are swept into the turbulence of divorce or death and the drastic changes that follow, and into the dating and remarriage of their parents. They have no control over any of these events that are having a major effect upon their lives and they feel helpless and angry. Although children are more flexible than adults are, their adjustment to a new situation depends on how they are helped through this potentially traumatic time. For the stepparent to have a healthy relationship with their stepchild, they must recognize and understand the childs feelings and what motivates the childs behavior. Ordinarily, children have little or no choice in the matter of a divorce, nor do they have a choice in the events that follow. This felling of powerlessness is likely to interfere with their confidence and sense of security. Children, like adults, need to feel they have choice and control in their lives. The lack of these two important factors, choice and control, can lead to problems in a multitude of different areas from behavior to emotional disorders. To help children feel as though they have some personal power, it might help to give them as many choices as possible for different aspects of their lives. Giving children choices like selecting what they want to eat for breakfast, what they want to wear, or how to spend their allowance may help the children see that they do in fact have some control, which in-turn may help eliminate or lessen their feelings of powerlessness and helplessness. .u6aa6b31d28a580eb5bdd1a52623cce3f , .u6aa6b31d28a580eb5bdd1a52623cce3f .postImageUrl , .u6aa6b31d28a580eb5bdd1a52623cce3f .centered-text-area { min-height: 80px; position: relative; } .u6aa6b31d28a580eb5bdd1a52623cce3f , .u6aa6b31d28a580eb5bdd1a52623cce3f:hover , .u6aa6b31d28a580eb5bdd1a52623cce3f:visited , .u6aa6b31d28a580eb5bdd1a52623cce3f:active { border:0!important; } .u6aa6b31d28a580eb5bdd1a52623cce3f .clearfix:after { content: ""; display: table; clear: both; } .u6aa6b31d28a580eb5bdd1a52623cce3f { display: block; transition: background-color 250ms; webkit-transition: background-color 250ms; width: 100%; opacity: 1; transition: opacity 250ms; webkit-transition: opacity 250ms; background-color: #95A5A6; } .u6aa6b31d28a580eb5bdd1a52623cce3f:active , .u6aa6b31d28a580eb5bdd1a52623cce3f:hover { opacity: 1; transition: opacity 250ms; webkit-transition: opacity 250ms; background-color: #2C3E50; } .u6aa6b31d28a580eb5bdd1a52623cce3f .centered-text-area { width: 100%; position: relative ; } .u6aa6b31d28a580eb5bdd1a52623cce3f .ctaText { border-bottom: 0 solid #fff; color: #2980B9; font-size: 16px; font-weight: bold; margin: 0; padding: 0; text-decoration: underline; } .u6aa6b31d28a580eb5bdd1a52623cce3f .postTitle { color: #FFFFFF; font-size: 16px; font-weight: 600; margin: 0; padding: 0; width: 100%; } .u6aa6b31d28a580eb5bdd1a52623cce3f .ctaButton { background-color: #7F8C8D!important; color: #2980B9; border: none; border-radius: 3px; box-shadow: none; font-size: 14px; font-weight: bold; line-height: 26px; moz-border-radius: 3px; text-align: center; text-decoration: none; text-shadow: none; width: 80px; min-height: 80px; background: url(https://artscolumbia.org/wp-content/plugins/intelly-related-posts/assets/images/simple-arrow.png)no-repeat; position: absolute; right: 0; top: 0; } .u6aa6b31d28a580eb5bdd1a52623cce3f:hover .ctaButton { background-color: #34495E!important; } .u6aa6b31d28a580eb5bdd1a52623cce3f .centered-text { display: table; height: 80px; padding-left : 18px; top: 0; } .u6aa6b31d28a580eb5bdd1a52623cce3f .u6aa6b31d28a580eb5bdd1a52623cce3f-content { display: table-cell; margin: 0; padding: 0; padding-right: 108px; position: relative; vertical-align: middle; width: 100%; } .u6aa6b31d28a580eb5bdd1a52623cce3f:after { content: ""; display: block; clear: both; } READ: God's Lift is Out of Order Essay Children also need to be included in discussions about new rules, family activities, etc. Even though adults may have the final say, childrens needs should be heard and considered. Empower the child by showing them that their opinion has value. Children develop a deep sense of commitment to their family, especially to their parents, and we teach them .

We Should Recover Energy from Waste Rather Than Dispose of To Landfill

Waste management has recently become a big challenge to many countries in the world. There is no doubt that developed nations have continued to deal with increased piles of waste every year, possibly owing to the impacts of heightening urbanisation and economic growth.Advertising We will write a custom essay sample on We Should Recover Energy from Waste Rather Than Dispose of To Landfill specifically for you for only $16.05 $11/page Learn More Obviously, the levels of waste material will tend to go up with increase in the population of people in a particular region. In this regard, high populations would mean high levels of waste thus resulting to poor management of the waste, owing to limited management systems and resources. These, actually, are some of the problems experienced by Australia when it comes to waste management. Australia is said to be among the countries that have to deal with the highest quantities of waste in the world. However, most of this waste is disposed in landfills that have been established in different parts of the country to reduce littering. Even though this system has its own benefits that would make it more preferable, it does not fit in the standards of the global policies advocating for a clean environment. The reasons for that are deeply discussed in this paper, where the need for better alternatives is also emphasized. This paper proposes that Australia should try to recover energy from waste rather than dispose of to landfills. Waste management has become a matter of concern in the contemporary world, considering the many effects that can arise from poor management of waste material. For instance, doctors and researchers have constantly associated poor waste management with numerous health problems affecting humans today. This, however, does not seem to be a big deal to some countries in the world who have gone to the extent of allowing the status of their economies compromise the plans for the h ealth of their populations. In other words, countries have become more reluctant in allocating enough funds to municipal bodies associated with management of waste, to enable them handle this role more effectively. As a matter of fact, countries have always appeared to be too economical in matters to do with waste management. This aspect can be observed in the case of Australia, where the use of landfills has been a common practice for many years. Landfills are said to be the cheapest option financially compared with other systems and for that reason, they have remained a better choice for the Australians.Advertising Looking for essay on environmental studies? Let's see if we can help you! Get your first paper with 15% OFF Learn More Even though landfills have been the most suitable option in Australia when it comes to waste management, their use over the years has continued to raise many environmental and health concerns. Based on the findings of some recent studies c onducted with the aim of determining problems that may arise from various ways used in the management of waste in the country, landfills alone have contributed to numerous environmental and health related issues (Ximenes Gardner 2008). These would include issues like contaminated soils and ground water, possibility of fire risks arising from the waste material, risk of diseases, and emission of methane and other greenhouse gasses that have been major contributors to the pressing issue of global warming. Moreover, some landfills in Australia have become a terrible sight, and this raises more environmental and health concerns. As a matter of fact, these increasing concerns about landfills are among the factors that have attracted the full attention of the National Waste Policy, forcing it to come up with new approaches geared at addressing the issue of waste disposal more appropriately. Even though the government has had a significant role to play in this matter, the most desirable o utcomes towards a clean Australia have been realised through the efforts of private companies offering waste management services in the country. Some of these companies are J.J. Richards Sons Pty Ltd and Corio Waste Management (Warland Ridley 2005). The main reason why firms in the private sector would be more active in this role compared to government-affiliated organisations is because they are well equipped to provide quality waste management services at a reasonable cost. One of the key goals of the Australian National Waste Policy is to campaign seriously for reduced waste in the country. In order to achieve this objective within the shortest time possible, the policy has unveiled a comprehensive initiative on waste management.Advertising We will write a custom essay sample on We Should Recover Energy from Waste Rather Than Dispose of To Landfill specifically for you for only $16.05 $11/page Learn More This program has featured a number of key ar eas of concern that would include pursuing sustainability, getting commitment to full responsibility, introduction of new and better solutions, showing evidence, shaping the market, and reduction of hazard associated with waste material. There can’t be any doubt that this program would set the pace for a well-organised approach towards the management of solid waste material in the country. Through this program, Australia will be on the right track towards the achievement of a sustainable waste management program. However, there is no way this can be realised in the near future if the right interventions are not applied. Australia will have to focus more on effective initiatives that will not only help to clean the environment, but ones that will be beneficial to the citizens in other ways. In this regard, a program whereby waste is turned into energy will be a better alternative here. Waste material can easily be converted into useful energy in the society through gasificatio n systems. Incineration is the most common waste-to-energy system that can be used to produce energy in form of heat and electricity. Even though the idea of waste-to-energy has never attracted much attention from the world, it has been a reliable source of energy for countries such as Japan and USA, where it has dramatically helped to improve problems associated with waste disposal. Waste-to-energy can do well in highly populated areas where there is constant supply of waste material. Australia alone produces about twenty million tonnes of solid waste on an annual basis, and this means there can be enough residual waste that can be used to generate energy for the Australians after recyclable material has been removed (Morton Hoegh-Guldberg 2009). This way, the country can benefit a lot from its waste matter rather than putting it in landfills, where it is eventually burned to reduce the volumes. The other reason why Australia should see waste-to-energy as a better alternative to l andfills is that, landfills usually consume a lot of space. In this regard, more land will be required to ensure that waste management is effectively undertaken across the country using this particular approach.Advertising Looking for essay on environmental studies? Let's see if we can help you! Get your first paper with 15% OFF Learn More This will eventually lead to a serious shortage of space thus posing significant land problems to Australia, which is no doubt among the rapidly developing countries in the world. However, construction of incinerators will require less land, and this way, Australia will end up saving enough land that will efficiently cater for the increasing demands of its huge population. More importantly, this will be a better way for Australia to utilise its huge amounts of waste resulting from the extravagant habits of its high population. In fact, most landfills in the country are overfilled, thus forcing the government to export millions of tonnes of waste material to other developed countries for either disposal or recycling purposes. Apart from being too costly, this results into serious impacts on humans and ecosystems in the receiving countries. However, by adopting a program where different technologies can be used to convert waste into energy, Australia can largely benefit from its waste . As it would be observed, one of the biggest concerns of the global community is to minimise the effects of global warming through all possible ways. This initiative is already been undertaken in some developed countries where the use of green fuels and other renewable forms of energy has become a common practice. Australia should try to follow the same pattern by turning most of its waste material into energy, rather than disposing it in landfills. Waste on landfills would just end up releasing more greenhouse gases to the atmosphere, thus multiplying the effects of global warming. Evidence from other developed countries has shown waste-to-energy facilities to have less effect on environment, compared with other ways used to manage waste in those countries. This will also help to diminish Australia’s dependence on fossil fuels that are usually expensive, and which also contribute highly to the issue of global warming. More importantly, this will be a better way to address t he various health and environmental issues associated with landfills as it is shown in this paper. Even though there has been a claim from some organisations that incinerators could be a big threat to recycling, this is nothing but a fallacy spread by some ardent opponents of the plan (Bambrook Sproul 2011). However, the truth of the matter is that, conversion of waste-to-energy is based on specific circumstances whereby priority is given to recycling, and anything else can come later. In this regard, people are advised to recycle all they can before turning up the rest for energy purposes. Besides, both recycling and waste-to-energy can coexist in a country like Australia where there is more waste than the country can manage. More importantly, the two options are complementary in helping the country minimise the growing rate of landfills within its borders. Obviously, incinerators would need a guaranteed supply of waste material for an extended period of time, and this is a requir ement that Australian waste resources can fulfill. As it is observed in this paper, it is time Australia focuses on recovering energy from waste, rather than disposing of to landfills. Converting waste into energy comes with a lot of benefits as it is shown in the paper, and this can save the country from the diverse problems associated with landfills and other approaches used in waste management. This way, Australians will end up having double benefits since their efforts to achieve a clean environment will be paying off in terms of energy. More importantly, this will also serve as a good idea in the country’s plan to unveil a sustainable waste management program. Reference List Bambrook, S Sproul, A 2011, ‘Design optimisation for a low energy home in Sydney’, Energy and Buildings, vol. 43, no. 7, pp. 170-171. Morton, S Hoegh-Guldberg, O 2009, ‘The big ecological questions inhibiting effective environmental management in Australia’, Austral Ecolog y, vol. 34, no, 1, pp. 1-9. Warland, C Ridley, G 2005, Awareness of IT control frameworks in an Australian state government: A qualitative case study, IEEE, New York. Ximenes, F Gardner, W 2008, ‘The decomposition of wood products in landfills in Sydney, Australia’, Waste Management, vol. 28, no. 11, pp. 234-235. This essay on We Should Recover Energy from Waste Rather Than Dispose of To Landfill was written and submitted by user Camilo Graves to help you with your own studies. You are free to use it for research and reference purposes in order to write your own paper; however, you must cite it accordingly. You can donate your paper here.

COSI essays

COSI essays The film "Cosi" directed by _______ is brought to life from Mozarts time. The film journeys through the lives of some very 'diverse'characters, diverse in that the audience is unaware of what to expect next. 5 main aspects involved in film making; theme, mood, dramatic tension, vocal dynamics, emotions expressed are a major contribution to the sucessfull production of "Cosi." The theme is presented from the opening of the film, where ____ is desperate for a job and accepts one at a mental institution. Here he meets a troupe of very special individuals, who he combines with to present a remarkeable production of "Cosi Fan Tutte". The film relates the classic tale of defying the odds, determination through adversity, to recognize and respond to your inner most feelings and desires. It presents this special group of people as a valued part of our society, showing that appearences really don't matter at all - its about people getting in touch with themselves and following their dreams. The theme is produced superbly in that it conveys the message of people doing things they thought possible, or in other words, completion through Self - belief. The mood in "Cosi" is often reflected upon as the film ventures further into the lives of the mentally handicapped. Together the audience experience a change in characters showing the metamorphosis of small timid beings into confident, outgoing individuals. The attidudes of the characters during the finale, reflect the sastification of a job well done; the twinkle in the eye or the nudge in the ribs, from the start to end are evidence of the perseverance involved in the production. The dramatic tension in "Cosi" is a major contribution of the film's development. Constantly the audience are lead to believe that there is no way the characters can pull anything off, yet time and time again the audience is mistaken. The continuos tension between characters divulge into ...

Thou lily-liverd boy!

Thou lily-liverd boy! Thou lily-liverd boy! Thou lily-liverd boy! By Maeve Maddox Maya Gharpure wants to know What does the term lilylivered mean? A lily-livered person is a coward, easily frightened. The term lily-livered is one of many vivid expressions we get from Shakespeare. It may not have originated with him, but his use of the term in the much-performed Macbeth ensured it a place in the language. In Act Five a frightened page rushes onstage to tell Macbeth that 10,000 soldiers are taking up their positions outside his castle. The boy is so terrified that the blood has drained from his face. Realizing that his fate is about to catch up with him, Macbeth attempts to conceal his own terror by lashing out at the boy with a volley of insults directed at the lack of color in his face: Go prick thy face, and over-red thy fear,†¨ Thou lily-liverd boy. What soldiers, patch? Death of thy soul! those linen cheeks of thine†¨ Are counsellors to fear. What soldiers, whey-face? Go prick thy face: go cut your face so as to draw some blood to give it color. Thou lily-liver’d boy: think Easter lily, pure white. Before its functions were understood, the liver was thought to produce blood. A healthy liver would be red, not white. In the theory of â€Å"humors,† the liver governed anger and courage. By shouting angrily at the boy, Macbeth is trying to prove that his own liver is red. those linen cheeks of thine: Macbeth is thinking of white linen. whey-face: whey is the watery part of milk that accumulates during the making of cheese. The boy’s face is not merely white; it’s a sickly white. The word patch may also be intended to convey something white as one meaning of patch is â€Å"a piece of sticking plaster used to cover and protect a wound or scar.† Want to improve your English in five minutes a day? Get a subscription and start receiving our writing tips and exercises daily! Keep learning! Browse the Expressions category, check our popular posts, or choose a related post below:20 Great Similes from Literature to Inspire YouHomogeneous vs. HeterogeneousList of Prefixes and Suffixes and their Meanings

Why does ADHD impact academic performance and what can be done to Annotated Bibliography

Why does ADHD impact academic performance and what can be done to support ADHD children in the classroom - Annotated Bibliography Example The authors are highly qualified being medical practitioners and the information are still applicable due to recency of publication. The article could therefore be cited and useful in the current study. The authors conducted a study that aimed to predict the impact of methylphenidate, a common stimulant medication used in the treatment of ADHD, in the academic performance of those diagnosed with the illness. Corkum, et. al. (2010) sought the participation of a group composed of 85 children with ADHD and measured the effect of other variables (current and amount of medication used, academic support, age, sex and IQ levels) on academic performance. Over a 12-month period, the results revealed that â€Å" neither medication nor academic supports significantly predict academic achievement over and above the covariates of baseline performance and IQ† (Corkum, McGonnell, & Schachar, 2010, p. 1). The contents of the article are relevant for the current study in identifying crucial factors that influence academic performance of children with ADHD. With the article being most recently published, the results are viable and credible to support contentions for the current study. The author proffered pertinent issues relative to various medical and psychological interventions that assist children with ADHD in improving academic performance. Implications for educational practice include reconceptualization of ADHD and the need to change education practices. Despite the concise information provided, the article contained significant information in terms of academic support and improving executive function. With the exemplary competence and qualifications of the author and the applicability of data being published fairly recently in 2007, this article could be cited as useful in the current study. The site presented information reporting the recent findings of a study conducted by Lee Thompson, the Chair of Case Western Reserve Universitys

Integrated marketing communication Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2500 words

Integrated marketing communication - Essay Example The major strength of the company is its brand name. In the recent past the brand was declared as ‘the world’s favorite airline’. The company provides wide range of services to its customers such as food services, entertainment options including movies, TV games and music. The flight service being a global airline, offers year round low fare flights along with full services on a worldwide network (Kotipalli, â€Å"Strategic Management Report on British Airways†). British Airways affected employees’ strike that affected the successful operation of the company. The dispute involved the British Airways Management and the Unite Trade Union over various issues such as working conditions and pay. The effect of the crisis had been tremendous leading to long wait by the passengers at the airports. The airline had to retrain other airline employees in order to work as flight attendants and lease fleets from other airlines. During the strikes the analysts expected that those would cost the company about millions of pounds and it was further estimated that this would certainly hurt the airline brand as customers booked flights with the competitors. According to few economists, this strike would have a negative impact upon the world’s economy (Werdigier, â€Å"British Airways Strike Effect Disputed†). Being the marketing communication consultant the crisis management problem needs to be solved with the aim to repair the organizational reputation, sales performance and customs. Therefore, the appropriate strategy would be to use COSTAC framework in order to increase the efficiency and revamp the original position of the company. Before making an integrated marketing plan, it is essential to understand the context of the current situation. The context analysis helps to shape up certain things and explains the reason for such happenings. Here, five contexts namely internal, external, business, stakeholders and customers would be studied in detail in order to

Teaching Non Native-English Speakers Essay Example for Free

Teaching Non Native-English Speakers Essay

Submarine warfare :: essays research papers

Submarine Warfare It took World War I to prove the worth of submarines. Prior to that time, submarines played only a small role in the plans of fleet commanders, serving primarily only as coastal defense units. For the most part, fleet commanders ridiculed the idea that the submarine had a place in naval strategy and tactics. They believed that the submarine was only a play thing. It diverted time and money from other more useful and dependable branches of the service. This view was to suddenly change when, on 17 September 1914, the German submarine force proved the importance of undersea warfare. On that day, the German submarine U-9 spotted a cloud of smoke and penetrating masts on the horizon. As they came closer, Otto Weddigen, commanding officer of the U-9, could make out three cruisers steaming abreast at a speed of about 10 knots. Each was seperated from the others by two miles. Weddigen gave the order to dive. At 6:20 a.m., he ordered the first torpedo fired. It hit the cruiser HMS ABOUKIR, which began to list heavily. Within 25 minutes, she had capsized and sunk. ABOUKIR had been cruising with her sisters HMS CRESSY and HMS HOUGE. When ABOUKIR was rent by an explosion and sank, the commanding officers of the CRESSY and HOUGE assumed that she had struck a mine. They closed in and began rescue operations. HMS HOUGE was next to go. Two torpedoes struck her hull --sinking her in less than 10 minutes. A glimpse of the U-9's periscope suddenly m ade CRESSY's captain aware of what had occured. CRESSY tried to make a run for it. It was too late. At 7:17 a.m., Widdigen fired two more torpedoes. CRESSY rolled over on to her beam ends. Fifteen minutes later, she joined her sisters at the bottom. The news that the German submarine U-9 had attacked and sunk three British armored cruisers in the North Sea caused the entire world to sit up and take notice. Submarines were immediately given more thoughtful consideration. Germany entered World War I with but 28 submarines.

Banksy’s Artwork in Detroit Essay

Banksy arrived in Detroit [SLIDE] and created 4 pieces on various walls [SLIDE] , in various locations around the increasingly troubled city [SLIDE]. It is important to note from the beginning, that not one of the pieces Banksy [SLIDE] created during his time in Detroit survives today. While a small sliver of one of the pieces – this one in fact – is physically in tact, what remains is a fundamentally incomplete and undoubtedly impoverished version of the work itself. The surviving portion is incomplete and impoverished because it is only a sliver of the broader canvas into which it was placed. Once again, all of the pieces Banksy put up in Detroit have either been destroyed by the owners of the walls upon which they were created – not knowing the significance of the work – by individuals looking to profit from the sale of the work, or, in the case of this image, ‘preserved,’ significantly altered, or ‘destroyed’ – depending on one’s perspective – by individuals in the community seeking to save them from their inevitable destruction. It is equally important to recognize that they surely (and undoubtedly) would have been destroyed in one way or another. Street art is one of the only – if not the only – plastic arts that embrace’s its own eventual demise. It is, in other words, and its practitioners are eminently aware of this, inherently ephemeral. As this [SLIDE – GO SLOW HERE] sequence of images [SLIDE] by a Street Artist known as Mobstr indicates. [SLIDE] The inherent ephemerality [SLIDE] of these works of art is the result [SLIDE] of a relatively unique set of contextual circumstances [SLIDE] and social relationships of power within which most street artists ply their trade. [SLIDE] Just now, I referred to these pieces as works of art and I believe that that’s how they should be regarded. Not as vandalism, not as a crime, not as a nuisance, or blight – however all of these descriptors are accurate, once again, depending on one’s perspective. There is no other contemporary art movement that works at the same scope [SLIDE] and grandeur as street artists’ do. They consider walls that sometimes stretch horizontally [SLIDE] for entire city blocks as a canvas of massive proportion. They see the blank concrete of a high rise and think of it not as private property, or the structure of someone’s home or business, but as a concrete canvas. The sheer size, complexity, [SLIDE] and detail involved in some of street art’s most notable exemplars qualifies it as an artform par excellence. However, in the eyes of the law, the majority of property owners, or in the by laws of municipal city councils, this is, for the most part, not the case. Once again, and for the most part, in the eyes of the law [SLIDE], street art is vandalism and property damage that upsets the stability of city life and the sensibility of city dwellers, making them fear for their safety on the streets of their city. From this perspective, street art needs to be eradicated, erased, and/or ‘buffed out,’ as the terminology of the street calls it, as soon as possible. Removing graffiti and street art is akin to fixing the broken windows that, if left unrepaired, as the infamous story told by Wilson and Kelling goes, will lead to further crime, disregard for private property, the apparent safety of others, and an overall degeneration of the city as a space reserved almost exclusively, according to David Harvey, for commerce and private property rights. Succinctly, then, the life expectancy of a piece of street art [SLIDE] is very short. It is not only over-zealous municipal councils and their legions of constables that go around buffing out the work of street artists, however. There are at least four other factors that make the work of street artists inherently ephemeral. In addition to municipal officers buffing out pieces, the second factor limiting the life expectancy of street art, are property owners themselves [SLIDE]. When a piece of private property gets tagged without the permission of the property owner, the inclination of the property owner is to get to rid of what they consider to be vandalism as soon as possible. This is especially the case when the owner isn’t aware of the value of certain pieces. This one [SLIDE], done by Banksy in Melbourne, Australia, was apparently destroyed when, someone’s father was house sitting and he thought he would do his son-in-law a favour by getting rid of it. However, and generally speaking, the commercial value of street art by the vast majority of street artists, save a very select few, is close to nil. If you’re a street artist and you’re not Banksy, you breaking proverbial windows all the time. Property owners, then, seeking to maintain the aesthetic integrity of their property, are the second cause of street art’s limited life expectancy. The third cause is other street artists themselves. Ever since the appearance of graffiti on the subways and walls of New York City [SLIDE] and Philadelphia in the late 70s and early 80s, graffiti and street art have been caught up in a clandestine contest that revolves around territoriality, prestige, ego, and fame, based on the courage and capacity to get one’s tag up in the most dangerous and visible locations possible. Looked at from these five different perspectives, street art is one of the few ‘plastic arts’ that is planned, designed, and created in full knowledge that the end product will, in one way or another, disappear or be destroyed over time – and in some instances, very short periods of time. This inherent ephemerality is, of course, where the digital camera and the Internet become incredibly important implements in the street artist’s quiver. As much as these artists are reliant on the physical qualities of cinder block, concrete, wood, and steel, to exercise their creative vision, they are equally reliant on the immaterial, virtual, and distributed hardware and software characteristic of the Web 2. 0 era, to document that which in all likelihood, and in the very near future, will disappear for one of the five reasons listed above. Taking into account the ephemeral transience of street art from the perspective of the artists themselves, these same artists can, then, as much as they are regarded as street artists, also be regarded as digital artists, digital photographers, albeit digital artists and photographers that go to great lengths, and put themselves at great risk, in the preparation of their compositions. This point is important enough to recognize, but to stop here would be to cut short a more in depth examination of the practice of creating street art and the absolute importance of the concrete yet entirely transient and stochastic qualities of the urban canvas to the art form. As I hope to demonstrate, the vagaries of the urban fabric serve only to reinforce the point just made regarding the importance of the digital camera and the Internet. AWKWARD – The very particular qualities of the surfaces upon which this kind of art is produced – the individual qualities of very particular walls – and the either serendipitous or pre-planned incorporation of trash, foliage, or other elements of the natural (or manufactured world) into the pieces themselves – very much unlike the blank stretched canvas upon which other forms of art are produced – †¦ play an incredibly important role in the creation of street art. Reciprocally, and at the same time, they also underscore the importance of the digital camera, the digital photograph, and the Internet to the preservation and dissemination of the works themselves. I think this can best be explained by reference to the photographs themselves. If we look at this piece by Banksy for instance, [SLIDE] created in the run up to the London Olympics in 2012 and around the same time as his ‘Slave Labour’ piece, we see a pole-vaulter falling backwards, not quite making it over the barbed wire fence and onto the discarded mattress below. For the time being, I’m less interested in a semiotic reading of the piece than I am in paying attention to the actual physical things that play a part in the construction of this semiotic meaning. The mattress and the fence are absolutely integral elements of the piece. They are as important to the work as the pole and the pole-vaulter. If absent, for whatever reason, the piece itself wouldn’t be the same piece. Or, rather, it would be an entirely different piece, with an entirely different meaning. For instance, after this photograph was taken, there is a good chance that the mattress might have been discarded, the fence taken down in order to install the requisite Plexiglas. The point being, that the artist has obviously deemed these elements of the urban fabric to be elemental to the overall work itself. If removed or altered in any way, as they surely will be, the work is no longer that of the artist. Much like deleting scenes from Hamlet would fundamentally alter the play as Shakespeare intended it, removing the mattress alters the piece as Banksy intended it. If the mattress goes missing, is moved, or shifted, the artwork, as the artist envisioned and created it, is no longer. This example [SLIDE] too, indicates how important the actual elements of the urban fabric are to the piece. They are intricately woven into the artwork itself. This is becoming ever more important and prominent in Banksy’s work and†¦ if I can speculate for a moment, I think this has everything to do with his politics – I presume he’s a ‘he’ at least – it has everything to do with his politics, the market value of his work, and the propensity of property owners to remove it and auction if off, or of municipal councils to put it behind Plexiglas. So what would happen if this wall was cut out and moved to a gallery, into a private salon, or placed behind Plexiglas? Or what if we simply come back in Winter? Well, of course, the flowers that this boy is vomiting would die. They would either be uprooted and killed, squashed behind the Perspex and killed, or in time, and as a result of the elements, die of natural causes. This is, of course, in addition to, and on top of, the fact that the piece itself has a very limited shelf life for the five reasons described above. As mentioned previously, once the work of street art is finished, the artist responsible for its production turns his/her back on it, in effect abandoning the work, leaving it to live or die as the street sees fit. Before doing so, however, and for the most part†¦ The work, as the artist intended it (and as he/she created it), is documented with a photograph. This practice too has its historical lineage. [SLIDE] These are slides taken by Martha Cooper, a photographer, along with Harry Chalfant, responsible for archiving the early history of graffiti on the streets of this fair city we all find ourselves in today. Without the photographs of Cooper and Chalfant, not to mention the artists themselves, this important stage in the history of arguably one of the most important artistic movements of the past century would have never been preserved for us to see today. The photographic record of these inherently ephemeral works, then, preserves them and at least some of the context within which they existed at the time of their creation. In a manner of speaking, then, not only does the digital photograph enable the preservation and dissemination of the artwork in a state that the artist obviously approved of, but the physical act of taking the digital photograph is the final brush stroke that signifies the piece is finished and the artist is done with his/her work. The moment at which he/she can turn around and walk away. Much like an oil painter who, when the canvas is completed to his/her satisfaction puts his/her name to the piece [SLIDE], the digital photograph serves as the street artist’s signature of sorts. [SLIDE]It signifies that the work is as the artist intended it and that, in the state it was when the photograph was taken, is complete. So, again, similar to the signature in the top right corner of the Picasso, the signature is a sign that signifies the painting is complete. The digital photograph plays much the same role. Once again, it functions in much the same way as the artist’s signature in that it denotes that the artist is happy with the result and the scene looks as it should. One of the more provocative questions that this pushes to the fore of our investigation, is, then, what if the piece is altered or removed from the context in which it was created for any reason whatsoever? [SLIDE]. Extracted from the broader landscape that plays such a pivotal role in its interpretation and meaning. Does it continue to be a Banksy for instance? And I think there’s a very good argument that it does not. Doesn’t the digital photograph of the work – in the place where the artist created it and inclusive of the elements so pivotal to its meaning – more accurately represent the artwork than the ‘salvaged’ (or preserved) work [SLIDE] when it’s placed in the white cube of a gallery? And I think the answer is, yes, yes it does. If this is the case, then, the photograph serves not only as the signature of the artist, but because of the ephemeral nature of the work and the resolute importance of the surroundings to it’s meaning also as a work of art itself – albeit one that reciprocally depends on spray paint to be completed. As mentioned earlier, in these instances, the street artist can be equally considered a digital artist, albeit a digital artist that goes to great lengths and puts him/herself at great personal risk in the preparation of their compositions. This piece [SLIDE] was placed inside the perimeter of the dilapidated and abandoned confines of a Packard Assembly plant – a 3-and-a-half million square foot ruin [SLIDE] on the south east side of metro Detroit. To be honest, and in my opinion, the piece itself isn’t one of Banksy’s best [SLIDE]. It is, however, notable because it makes specific and pointed reference to the very particular and exact location in which it was created. It is, much like a lot of his more recent work, heavily context dependent. â€Å"I remember when all this was trees. † And it is this ‘this’ [SLIDE] that I think distinguishes this piece. At the end of the process of filling in the stencil, and writing the phrase, Banksy metaphorically signs the piece by taking a photograph of it. And he takes the photograph of the piece as he wanted it to look – knowing full well that it will probably disappear in the near term. The stencil itself is frame left, [SLIDE] with the ruins occupying frame right, inviting the viewer of the photograph to complete the story the boy is telling by following the implicit directions offered in the word bubble. This is how Banksy wanted us to see the piece. This is where he wanted the piece to be. This is the location and the perspective from which he wanted it interpreted. The location and the broader context in which it is placed is, in fact, as important (or more so) than the image of the boy himself. This photograph, then, is a more accurate representation of the artwork in the way the artist created it than the actual piece that is now housed in a Gallery in South West Detroit. The only thing that marks the place of the original – in January of 2012 at least [SLIDE] – this too has probably changed – is an odd tangle of colourful fabric whose origins and purpose are impossible to verify – other than the fact that they are placed at the exact location where the piece was once located. Completely extracted [SLIDE] from the context that constitutes an incredibly important part of the ‘canvas’ itself, the meaning of the piece as the artist intended it, no longer makes sense. Or perhaps, and rather, it still makes sense, but the sense that is now being made is not that intended by its creator, but, rather, by those persons who ‘saved’ it from its eventual destruction†¦ or by somewhat obsessed academics like myself. Therefore, by moving the piece and extracting it from the place that is part and parcel of itself – that plays such an important role in the work – those individuals that preserved it, or saved a relatively small portion of the piece, did so by means of destroying the larger piece which might include the 3. 5 million square feet that constitute the abandoned factory’s footprint. In the absence of these 3. 5 million square feet, we no longer have a piece of street art by Banksy, but a roughly 7’ x 7’ corner of a piece that forms part of a much larger work of art. The fact that the photograph is also a poor representation of these 3-and-a-half million square feet is something I’m still thinking through†¦ To conclude,s however, and completely omitting from consideration any conversation regarding the ephemeral nature of street art in relation to Benjamin’s notion of the ‘aura’ as it relates to works of art that no longer in exist, something I’m going to take up in my book†¦ as a result of the ephemeral nature of street art and the fact that the urban canvas is part and parcel of the artwork itself†¦ I would like to conclude by reiterating that as much as street artist’s can be thought of as artists that work within (and with! ) the very concrete confines and materials of the urban fabric, they can also, and perhaps better, be thought of as digital artists that go to great lengths in the preparation of their compositions. Thank you so much for your time and attention today. You’ve no idea how much I appreciate them both.

Consumer Behavior Study Notes

MKTG 4150 STUDY NOTES Chapter 1: An Introduction to Consumer Behaviour What is Consumer Behaviour? Consumer Behaviour: the study of the processes involved when individuals or groups select, purchase, use, or dispose of products, services, ideas, or experiences to satisfy needs and desires. Consumer behaviour is a process Buyer behaviour: the interaction between consumers and producers at the time of purchase. * Exchange (two or more organizations or people give and receive something of value) is an integral part of marketing Consumer behaviour involves many different actors Purchaser and the user of a product may not necessarily be the same person * Another person can also act as an influencer when providing recommendations for or against certain products without actually buying or using them Segmenting Consumers Market Segmentation: process of identifying groups of consumers who are similar to one another in one or more ways and devising marketing strategies that appeal to one or mo re groups Demographics: statistics that measure observable aspects of a population (i. e. birth rate, age distribution, income, etc. * Changes and trends revealed in demographic studies are of great interest to marketers since it can be used to locate and predict the sizes of markets * Markets can usually be segmented by age, gender, family structure, social class and income, ethnicity, geography, and lifestyles Chapter 2: Perception Exposure Exposure: the degree to which people notice a stimulus that is within range of their sensory receptors Sensory Thresholds Psychophysics: the science that focuses on how the physical environment is integrated into our personal, subjective world The absolute thresholdAbsolute threshold: the minimum amount of stimulation that can be detected on a sensory channel The differential threshold Differential threshold: the ability of a sensory system to detect changes in a stimulus or differences between the two stimuli Just noticeable difference (JND): the minimum change in a stimulus that can be detected * The ability to detect a difference between two stimuli is the relative difference between the decibel level of the message and its surroundings Weber’s Law The stronger the initial stimulus, the greater its change must be for it to be noticed K= ? II where:K = the constant increase or decrease necessary for the stimulus to be noticed (this varies across the senses) ?I = the minimal change in intensity of the stimulus required to be just noticeable to the person (JND) I = the intensity of the stimulus before the change occurs * Retailers generally use a markdown rule of at least 20% to make an impact on shoppers Subliminal Perception * Another word for â€Å"threshold† is limen and stimuli that fall below the limen are called subliminal Subliminal perception: occurs when the stimulus is below the level of the consumer’s awareness Subliminal techniquesEmbeds: tiny figures that are inserted into magazine adver tising by using high speed photography or airbrushing (supposedly exert strong but unconscious influences on innocent readers) Does subliminal perception work? Evaluating the evidence Factors why subliminal messages do not work: 1. There are wide individual differences in threshold levels. For a subliminal message to affect all individuals, it must be able to target ALL thresholds (which is impossible) 2. Advertisers cannot control the consumer’s position and distance from the screen (not everyone will have the same amount of exposure) 3.Consumers must pay absolute attention to the stimulus (not everyone does, most people are distracted) 4. Even if there is an effect, it only operates on a general level (can’t get a specific message out) Attention Attention: the extent in which the brain’s processing activity is devoted to a particular stimulus Multitask: the ability to process information from more than one medium at a time Perceptual sensitivity: process in wh ich people attend to only a small portion of the stimuli to which they are exposed Personal selection factorsPerceptual vigilance: consumers are more likely to be aware of stimuli that relate to their current needs (i. e. if you are hungry†¦ you will notice more food signs) Perceptual defence: people see what they want to see – and don’t see what they don’t want to see. If a stimulus is threatening to us in some way, we may not process it or we may distort its meaning so that it is more acceptable (i. e. smokers ignoring the warning on the cigarette package) Adaptation: the degree to which consumers continue to notice a stimulus over time (the more exposed to are, the less sensitive you are to it)Factors leading to adaptation: * Intensity (less intense stimuli habituate because they have less of a sensory impact) * Duration (stimuli that require lengthy exposure to be processed tend to habituate because they require a long attention span) * Discrimination ( simple stimuli tend to habituate because they do not require attention to detail) * Exposure (frequently encountered stimuli tend to habituate as the rate of exposure increases) * Relevance (stimuli that are irrelevant or unimportant will habituate because they fail to attract attention)Stimulus selection factors Factors that allow stimuli to be noticed: * Size * Colour * Position * Novelty (stimuli that appear in unexpected ways or places tend to grab attention) Chapter 3: Learning & Memory Learning: relatively permanent change in behavior that is caused by experience. Incidental learning: unintentional acquisition of knowledge. Behavioural Learning Theories Behavioral Learning Theories: assume learning takes place because of responses to external events. Classical ConditioningClassical conditioning: when a stimulus that elicits a response is paired with another stimulus that initially does not elicit a response on its own. Over time this 2nd stimulus (UCS) causes a similar respons e because it is associated with the first stimulus (CS). Unconditional stimulus (UCS): a stimulus naturally capable of causing a response (i. e. flavouring) Conditioned stimulus (CS): a stimulus that causes a response because of a learned association (i. e. bell) Conditioned response (CR): a new or modified response elicited by a stimulus after conditioning (i. . drool) Repetition * Repeated exposures increase the strength of stimulus-response associations and prevent the decay of these associations in memory * Most effective repetition strategy seems to be a combination of spaced exposures that alternate in terms of media that are more or less involving * Lack of association can be due to extinction (when the effects of a prior conditioning are reduced and finally disappear) Advertising wearout: repeated similar advertisements will lead to consumers tuning outStimulus generalization Stimulus Generalization: tendency of stimuli similar to CS to evoke similar conditioned responses Ma sked branding: strategy used to deliberately hide a product’s true origin Applications: * Family branding (capitalize on the repetition of a company name) * Product line extensions (related products are added to an established brand) * Licensing (well-known names are rented by others) * Look-alike packaging (distinctive packaging designs create strong associations with a particular brand)Stimulus discrimination Stimulus Discrimination: stimulus similar to CS is not followed by a UCS -> causes weakened reactions Instrumental Conditioning Instrumental Conditioning: known as operant conditioning, individual learns to perform behaviors that produce positive outcomes and avoids negative ones. There are 4 types: positive/negative reinforcement, punishment, extinction Shaping: process of rewarding intermediate actions (i. e. customers are rewarded with discounts in hopes of them coming for a second visit) 1.Positive Reinforcement: rewarding, response is strengthened and appropriate behavior learned. RECEIVES A REACTION AFTER DOING SOMETHING, SIMILAR TO PUNISHMENT. (i. e. getting a cookie for every A+) 2. Negative Reinforcement: the avoidance of a negative outcome by doing said behavior, NOTHING IS RECEIVED AFTER DOING SOMETHING. This is different from punishment, which doesn’t use avoidance to learn. (i. e. getting compliments from wearing nice perfume) 3. Punishment: a response is followed by unpleasant events. RECEIVES AN UNPLEASANT REACTION. (i. e. lap on the hand for eating without utensils) 4. Extinction: removal of positive event weakens responses, which are no longer followed by positive outcome. Consumers learn that responses no longer produce positive outcome. (i. e. woman no longer receives compliments on her perfume) Key for marketers is determining the most effective reinforcement schedule (amount of effort and resources they must devote to rewarding consumers to condition desired behaviours): * Fixed-Interval Reinforcement: A reward is made after a specified time period has elapsed. i. e. mouse hitting a button for food that will only come in intervals of 2 minutes, they'll realize that and only begin to hit the button as every 2 min. mark looms but will not do anything right after that mark has passed. textbook uses an example of holiday sales season * Variable-Interval Reinforcement: Time before reinforcement varies around some average but not specified. i. e. mystery store check ups by management, induces staff to always maintain a high-level of service as opposed to only when â€Å"check up† periods loom * Fixed-ratio Reinforcement: Reinforcement occurs after a fixed # of responses. . e. royalty programs, getting a prize for hitting a button 10x * Variable-ratio Reinforcement: Reinforcement occurs after a certain number of responses, but he/she does not know how many are required. Produces very high and steady rates, behavior is very difficult to distinguish. i. e. slot machines, you know you'll win eventua lly, just don’t know exactly how many tries Frequency Marketing: reinforces behavior of regular purchasers by giving prizes in line with amount purchased. i. e. royalty programs, frequent flyer programs. is building a database for refining product mixes, marketing strategies, tailoring communications – makes retention programs more effective, product launches/redesigns more successful, blunders prevented. Cognitive Learning Theory Cognitive Learning Theory: contrasting behavioral theories of learning, this focuses more on internal mental processes, i. e. creativity and insight. Views people as problem solvers and we actively use info to master the environment. Is Learning Conscious or Not? Mindlessness: the ability to process information in an automatic/passive manner * Argument as to whether or not learning is conscious.There are arguments that some people do things mindlessly and rely on their â€Å"adaptive unconsciousness† Observational Learning Observationa l Learning: occurs when people watch the actions of others and note the reinforcements they receive for their behaviors; learning vicariously rather than directly; AKA Modeling Lesson: marketers can show consumer a model + reinforcement without having to directly reward/punish the consumer to influence behavior The Role of Memory in Learning Memory: process of acquiring information and storing it over time for future availability The way info is encoded is important, if data can be associated with other info in memory already, better chance of new data being retained Sensory Meaning: a stimulus may be interpreted in terms of the senses it evokes, such as colour or shape Semantic Meaning: symbolic associations, i. e. rich people drink champagne Episodic memories: memories that relate to events that are personally relevant. + motivation to retain these memories Flashbulb Memories: memories that are triggered by a stimulus, i. e. (wedding) song that reminds them of their wedding Memory Systems 3 Types of Memory Systems: 1. Sensory Memory: permits storage of info received from our senses – very temporary, i. e. the smell of a bakery when we walk by. If info warrants further investigation, it passes through the attentional gate and xferred to STM. a. Capacity: High b. Duration: < 1 second (vision), few seconds (hearing) 2. Short-Term Memory/working memory: stores info for limited time, capacity is limited. Holds info that we are currently processing c.Capacity: Limited d. Duration: < 20 seconds e. Chunking: combining small pieces into larger pieces to store info 3. Long-Term Memory: a system that allows for long-term retaining of info f. Requires elaborative rehearsal: thinking about meaning of stimulus and relating to other information in memory Storing Information in Memory Activation Models of Memory: depending on nature of processing task, different levels of processing occur that activate some aspects of memory rather than others, +effort, +likely of LT M storage Associative networksAssociative Network/Knowledge Structures: a spiderweb of links containing info for a set of concepts (brands, stores, manufacturers), a storage unit * Info are placed into nodes, connected by associative links. Pieces of info seen similarly are chunked in some abstract form Hierarchical Processing Model: info is processed bottom-up, begins basic then increases to complex processing, if it fails to evoke further processing, info is terminated and capacity allocated elsewhere Evoked Set: a list of recallable information pertaining to a questioned category (i. . perfume). Implication: position itself in the right categories by providing cues (luxury for ex. ) Spreading activation Spreading Activation: as one node is activated, associated nodes are as well through links. = recalling competition/relevant attributes of brand, such as * brand-specific – claims of brand * ad-specific – claims of ad * brand identification * product category  œ how product works, where to be used, experiences with it * evaluative reactions – â€Å"that looks like fun† Levels of knowledgeLevels of Knowledge: Meaning Concepts > Proposition > Schema Script (schema): sequence of procedures expected from an individual Factors influencing forgetting Interference: stimulus-response associations will be forgotten if Retroactive: learning new responses to same/similar stimuli Proactive: prevent new learning as a result of past learning Chapter 4: Motivation and Values The Motivational Process Motivation: processes that cause behavior, occurs when need is aroused and consumer wants to satisfy it Utilitarian: desire to achieve some functional/practical benefit. i. e. cquiring a pair of durable running shoes Hedonic: experiential need involving emotional responses/fantasies. i. e. a special pair of running shoes for triathlon Goal: the desired end state Drive: the difference between a consumer's present and desired state creates tensio n. The magnitude of this tension determines the urgency of the consumer to reduce this tension. That degree of arousal is drive Want: a manifestation of a need (basic needs such as hunger); particular form of consumption to satisfy a need (such as eating hamburgers or hotdogs or chicken wings or caviar to satisfy hunger) Motivational Strength degree to which a person is willing to expend energy to reach a goal as opposed to another reflects his/her underlying motivation to attain that goal Drive Theory Drive Theory: biological needs that produce unpleasant states of arousal (stomach growling). We are motivated to reduce tension * marketing: tension = unpleasant state – desired state :. achieve balance = homeostasis Expectancy Theory Expectancy Theory: behavior is largely pulled by expectations of achieving desirable outcomes, positive incentives. It is a cognitive theory rather than biological Types of Needs think Maslow's hierarchy of needs Biogenic: elements necessary to ma intain life (water, air, shelter) Psychogenic: culturally related, as belonging to groups, having status, power, affiliation Motivational Conflicts Valence: a goal can be either positive or negative Approach-approach conflict * choice between two desirable alternatives i. e. go home for holidays to see family or ski with friends Theory of Cognitive Dissonance: when picking between two products and one is selected, inherently you'll lose on the benefits of the other and gain the negatives of the one chosen.People will start to rationalize their purchase, as a marketer, you can aid this conflict by bundling several benefits in your communications to help Approach-avoidance conflict * desire a goal but wish to avoid it as well i. e. want a goose to look cool, don't want to be labeled Canada douche, bag of chips * marketing implication: overcome guilt by convincing luxury is worth it, remove the negative aspects (fake fur) Avoidance-avoidance conflict * choice between two undesirable al ternatives i. e. throw + money at old car vs. buying a new one marketing implication: help them realize the unforeseen options of one option Maslow’s Hierarchy of Needs Consumer Involvement Involvement: a person's perceived relevance of the object based on their inherent needs, values and interests. object = brand, product, advertisement or purchase situation Level of Involvement: * can range from simple processing to elaboration (info is related to pre-existing knowledge systems) * a continuum * low end = inertia (decisions = habit because consumer lacks motivation to consider alt) * high end will find passionate intensity for people objects that carry great meaning Flow state: when consumers are truly involved with a product, ad, or website Characterized by: * sense of playfulness * feeling of control * concentration/highly focused attention * mental enjoyment of activity for its own sake * distorted sense of time * match between challenge at hand and one's skills * Another view is the type of involvement: cognitive or affective (rational/emotional) Cult products Cult Products: commands fierce loyalty, devotion and worship by consumers who are highly involved with brand i. e. Apple fanboys The Many Faces of InvolvementProduct involvement Product Involvement: a consumer's level of interest in a particular product. It can increase by having consumers involved in designing/personalizing. Mass customization: customization on mass production prices i. e. t-shirts, Dell computers Message-response involvement Message-Response Involvement: level of interest within a medium of communication i. e. tv = low, print ad = higher (can pause and reflect) Tactic: spectacles or performances, where message is also entertainment Marketing performances: turn public places into advertising stages, such as flash mobs. x. Sony BMG hired a group of passengers to burst into Thriller dance to promote MJ's 25th anniversary of Thriller album Interactive mobile marketing: particip ation in real-time promotional campaigns through cell phones Purchase situation involvement Purchase Situation Involvement: differences that may occur when buying the same object in different contexts i. e. when trying to impress someone you may buy a nice brand to reflect good taste, but if buying for your hated cousin, you may buy something shit because you don't care ValuesValues: a belief that some condition is preferable to its opposite. a function of individual, social and cultural forces Core Values Value System: a culture's ranking of universal values, such as health, wisdom, or world peace Socialization Agents: institutions/people that teach us beliefs, like parents, teachers or friends Enculturation: process of learning beliefs and behaviors endorsed by one's own culture Acculturation: learning of another's culture How Values Link to Consumer Behaviour * Cultural values (i. e. security or happiness) * Consumption-specific values (i. . convenient shopping or prompt service) * Product-specfic values (i. e. ease of use or durability) Hofstede’s cultural dimensions Hofstede's Cultural Dimensions: scores a country based on its standing of 5 dimensions so users can compare/contrast values * Power distance – extent of expectations and acceptance of unequal power distribution by less powerful members of organizations/institutions (like a family) * individualism – degree to which an individuals are integrated into groups * masculinity – distribution of roles between genders uncertainty avoidance – society's tolerance with uncertainty & ambiguity * long-term orientation – values of; long term = thrift/perseverance; short term = tradition, fulfilling social obligations, protecting one's â€Å"face† The Rokeach value survey Rokeach Value Suvery: set of terminal values (end states) and instrumental values (actions required to achieve terminal values) i. e. American's love for freedom (freedom to bear arms, expressi on, etc. due in large to history of wars for freedom, Canadians love equality The list of values (LOV) scale List of Values (LOV) Scale: developed to isolate values w/ more direct-marketing applications. Identifies nine consumer segments based on values The means-end chain model Means-End Chain Model: products are valued as a means to an end (they have abstract value beyond its bare product state) Laddering: consumers â€Å"climb† a ladder of abstraction that connects functional product attributes to desired end states i. . diamond ring for wedding = size of paycheque = size of love = size of self-worth Means-End Conceptualization of the Components of Advertising Strategy (MECCAS): 1st map relationship of product to terminal values, then employ: * message elements – specific attributes/features to be depicted * consumer benefits – + consequences of usage of product * executional framework – overall style/tone of ad leverage point – the way message will link terminal value with features * driving force – end value upon which advertising focuses on Syndicated Surveys Syndicated Surveys: large-scale, syndicated surveys to track changes in values Voluntary Simplifiers: believe once basic material needs are met, + income adds no value Conscientious consumerism: a new core value? Conscientious Consumerism: a value related directly to consumerism (ex. green) LOHAS: lifestyles of health and sustainabilityThe carbon footprint and offsets Carbon footprint: measures (in units of carbon dioxide) the impact human activities have on the environment in terms of the amount of greenhouse gases they produce Primary footprint: measure of our direct emissions of CO2 from the burning of fossil fuels Secondary footprint: measure of the indirect emissions of CO2 from the whole life cycle of products we use Materialism: importance of which people attach to worldly possessions Chapter 5: The SelfPerspectives on the Self Self-Concept Self-Conce pt: beliefs a person holds about his attributes and they evaluate these qualities Self-esteem Self-esteem: the positivity of your attitude toward yourself Social Comparison: a process where person evaluates themselves by comparing to others/media images; a basic human motive * High Self Esteem = takes more risks, expect success, *accepted socially, center of attention * Low = avoids risks, embarrassment, failures, or rejection Real & Ideal SelvesIdeal Self: conception of how they’d want themselves to be Actual Self: more realistic appraisal of qualities we do/don’t have * Purchase products in line with our qualities and others to help us attain our ideal self Impression Management: a process of managing how others think of us Multiple Selves Role Identities: different roles, such as husband, father, boss, student, etc. Virtual identity Virtual Identity: fictional depictions in a real-time, interactive virtual world (WOW) Computer-Mediated Environments (CME): virtual ro le-playing worlds Symbolic interactionismSymbolic Interactionism: relations with others play large part in forming â€Å"the self† * Who am I in this situation? And what do others think I am? * Pattern behavior on the perceived expectations, self-fulfilling prophecy * By acting the way we assume others expect us to act, we conform to those perceptions^ The looking glass self Looking-Glass Self: imagining the reactions of others towards us * Reflexive evaluation occurs when someone attempts to define the self; â€Å"bouncing† signals off others and trying to project the impression they have of us Self-Consciousness High Self-Monitors are more likely to evaluate products in terms of public impressions Consumption and Self-Concept Products that Shape the Self: You are What You Consume Symbolic Self-Completion Theory: predicts that people with incomplete self-definition tend to complete this identity by acquiring and displaying symbols associated with it (i. e. adolescent boys purchase macho products to complete their masculinity) * Prisons remove personal objects to reduce personal identity and create group identity * Burglary victims feel alienation, depression, or feeling â€Å"violated†Self/Product Congruence Self-Image Congruence Models: predicts that products will be chosen if their attributes match some aspect of the self * Ideal self more relevant for highly expressive social products like perfume * Actual self more relevant for everyday, functional products The Extended Self The Extended Self: Props or settings (external objects) considered to be a part of us i. e. my computer is an extension of myself, it represents me 4 levels of the extended self: Individual Level: Personal possessions, such as jewelry, cars, clothing * Family Level: A consumer's residence and furnishings. House = symbolic body of family * Community Level: Neighbourhood or town of origin * Group Level: Attachment to social groups, such as landmarks, monuments, spor ts teams Gender Roles Gender Differences in Socialization Agentic Goals: stresses self-assertion and mastery; pertains mostly to males Communal Goals: affiliation and fostering of harmonious relationships; females * Every society creates a set of expectations of behaviour for men/women.Starts early with stories * Biological gender =/= sex typed traits, characteristics stereotypically associated with a gender * Masculinity and femininity are NOT biological characteristics; culturally determined Sex-Typed Products: products that take on mascu/feminine attributes Androgyny: mascu/femininity are not opposites (duality); can possess both at the same time * like Korean doods * *guys typically influenced by overall theme of message, girls = specific pieces of info Chapter 6: Personality and Lifestyles Personality Personality: person's unique psychological makeup + how it consistently influences responses to environmentFreudian Systems Freudian Systems: consists of 3 â€Å"systems† I d: entirely oriented toward immediate gratification – â€Å"party animal† * Pleasure Principle: behaviour = desire to max pleasure and avoid pain Superego: counterweight to id. The â€Å"conscience†, internalizes societal norms and prevents id from seeking selfish gratification Ego: system that mediates id and superego * Finds ways to gratify id that is socially acceptable (reality principle); unconscious * Marketing Implication: consumers cannot tell us motivation as it may be unconscious * Product represents socially unacceptable, true id goal.By purchasing, live vicariously through it Trait Theory Trait Theory: identifiable characteristics that define a person * consumption differences between idiocentrics (individualist) vs. allocentrics (collective) * Contentment: idios are more satisfied with the way their life is * Health Consciousness: Allos avoid poor food choices * Food Preparation: Allo's spend more time preparing meals * Workacholics: Idios more like ly to say they work harder and stay later for work * Travel and Entertainment: idios interested in other cultures, travelling, movies, libraries Problems with trait theory in consumer research Scales for measurement are not valid/reliable * Tests are developed for specific populations then adopted to general population ultimately how individual decisions add up to society’s well-being * Consumer Confidence: optimism/pessimism of economic future Social Class: * Standing in society * Pecking Order: social hierarchy determines in ranking, the access to resources such as, education, housing, and consumer goods * People belonging in the same class share roughly the same occupations, lead similar lifestyles by virtue of income, tend to socialize and share many ideas and values regarding lifestyle. Homogamy: tendency to marry someone of same social standing * Social Stratification: process in which social system distributes scarce resources unequally amongst social classes in a rela tively permanent manner * Reputation Economy: â€Å"currency† people earn when they post comments online and others recommend their comments * Ascribed Status vs Achieved Status: those who were born with it vs. those who earned it Blurring Social Classes * increasingly harder to link brands/stores to specific class, i. e. affordable luxuries†, university kids who splurge on clothing (Burberry, etc. ) but eat KD * Mass Class: those with purchasing power that allows for high quality goods, except for big ticket items such as cars, American colleges, luxury homes (Zara, H&M) Components of Social Class * Occupational Prestige: worth derived from what they do for a living (i. e. white vs blue collar) * Income * Social Class better predictor of purchases with symbolic aspects and low-moderate price * Income better predictor of major expenditures with no symbolic meaning (major appliances)How Social Class affects purchase decisions * Attitudes towards luxury (consumers): * Fun ctional: buys things that will last/enduring value. Conducts extensive research & logical decision making * Reward: typically younger than first group and older than 3rd group. A way of saying â€Å"I've made it† * Indulgence: smallest group. owning luxury items is to be lavish and self-indulgent – to express individuality and make others take notice. ery emotional approach * Old Money: old money families distinguish themselves NOT ON WEALTH, but on history of public service, philanthropy, and tangible markers (Ivey Business School) * Taste Cultures: differentiates in terms of aesthetic and intellectual preferences * it's like saying upper/upper-middle likely to go to museums, middle like camping and fishing. It's like saying that you're less sophisticated * Codes: ways consumers interpret and express meanings restricted codes: focus on content of objects, not relationships amongst objects * elaborated: more complex and depend on a more sophisticated worldview (p. 417) * Pierre Bourdieu concluded that taste is a status-marking force, or habitus * social capital: organizational affiliations and networks (connections) * cultural capital: set of distinctive and socially rare tastes and practices. basically the culture of the rich that allows them to stay within the upper echelon of society because they keep passing it downStatus Symbols * we purchase products not to enjoy them, but to let others know that we can afford them * isn't the same across all cultures. Bulky phones are more â€Å"luxurious† than slim sleek phones compared with the Western world. * invidious distinction: to inspire envy in others through display of wealth/power (reason for consumption) * conspicuous consumption: people's desire to provide prominent, visible evidence of their ability to afford luxury goods * parody consumption: to seek status by mocking it and avoiding status symbols. i. e. frayed edges of denim clothing, wins with irreverent labels Chapter 14: Age Sub cultures Subculture: group whose members share beliefs and common experiences that set them apart from others Microculture: a subset of subculture, which is based on lifestyle or aesthetic preference Age and Consumer Identity * era in which we grow up bonds us will millions of others from the same age * identity may become stronger when the beliefs/goals of one age group conflict with another * Age cohort: group of consumers of same/approximate age who have gone through similar exp. Marketers often target products to specific age cohort b/c possessions play key role in identity with others of a certain age and express priorities/needs of each life stage * Multigenerational Marketing Strategy: use imagery that appeals ;1 generation Chapter 15: Canadian Identity and Ethnic Subcultures Ethnic Subculture: self-perpetuating group of consumers who share common cultural/genetic ties recognized by both its members and others as a distinct category High-Context Culture: group members tend to be tightly knit, infer meanings that go beyond spoken word. x. symbols, gestures carry much more weight than spoken word (Koreans respecting elders) Low-Context culture: more literal. like Caucasians as opposed to minorities De-ethnicitization: occurs when detaches from roots (original ethnicity) and appeals to other subcultures Ethnicity as a moving target * becoming harder to target distinct ethnic groups: greater immigration and interracial marriage and cultural blending * Ethnic Stereotypes: you know what it is. Negative feedback in recent use Level of Acculturation: Acculturation: process of movement and adaptation to a cultural environment from another * Movement: factors that motivate people to uproot themselves physically from one to another place * Translation: to master a set of rules for operating in a new environment (fashion, social meaning) * Adaptation: process of forming new consumption patterns * assimilation: adopting new products, habits, and values identified wi th mainsteam culture * maintenance: retaining practices associated with culture of origin * resistance: resent pressure to submerge their cultural identities and take on new roles * Raymond Ng's five phases of adjustment * Honeymoon: immigrant marvels at wonders of new environment * Culture Shock: reality of situation sets in * Superficial Adjustment: immigrant forays into new culture/manages day2day life * Stress and Depression: immigrant disparages aspects of new life: lack of high paying job opportunities, taxes, cold and wet weather. Intergenerational conflicts arise, often over career choices of kids * Integration: immigrant moves through society with degree of ase comparable to that of native born * Progressive Learning Model: assumes that people gradually learn new culture as they increasingly come in contact with it. Therefore, mix original culture with host culture Chapter 16: Cultural Influences on Consumer Behaviour UNDERSTANDING CULTURE: * culture – abstract ideas and material objects/services making up a society’s personality – determines the overall priorities s/he attaches to different activities and products – mandates the success/failure of specific products/services – a product that provides benefits consistent with those desired by members of a culture at a particular time has a much better chance of attaining acceptance in the marketplace * aspects of culture: ecology – the way in which a system is adapted to its habitat; this area is shaped by the technology used to obtain and distribute resources * social structure – the way in which orderly social life is maintained; includes dominant domestic and political groups * ideology – mental characteristics of a people and the way in which they relate to their environment and social groups; revolves around the belief that members of a society possess a common worldview and share ethos (a set of moral principles and aesthetic principles) Cul ture: is a concept to understand consumer behavior as society’s personality. It includes: Abstract ideas, Material objects and service. * Culture is the lens through which people view product. The relationship between consumer behavior and culture is two way street. Products relates to priorities of a culture being accepted more by consumer * Product, successfully produced by culture, provide a window onto the dominant cultural ideal of that period Culture system contains 3 functional areas 1. Ecology: which a system adapted to its habitat. 2. Social structure: the way which orderly social life is maintained. 3. Ideology: the mental characters of a people relate to their environment and social groups. Different dimensions on culture 1. Power distance – how much power 2. Uncertainly avoidance – degree people feel threatened 3. Masculinity and femininity – gender roles 4. Individualism – individual vs groupNorms – rules dictating what is right or wrong, acceptable or unacceptable * Enacted norms – explicitly decided upon * Crescive norms – imbedded in a culture and discovered through interaction with other members of that culture * Custom – norm handed down from the past that controls basic behavior, such as division of labour in a household, or practice of particular ceremonies * When to eat * More – custom with strong moral overtone, often involves a taboo, or forbidden behavior, such as incest or cannibalism * What kind of food is permissible to eat * Convention – norms regarding the conduct of everyday life, correct way to furnish house, wear clothes, host a dinner party * how to eat the food Myth and ritualsMyth: is a story containing symbolic elements that express the shared emotions and ideals of a culture * Often features some kind of conflict between two opposing forces, outcome serves as a moral guide for people * Provides guidelines about their world Functions of myths * Meta physical – explain origin of existence * Cosmological – emphasize all components of the universe are part of a single picture * Sociological – maintain social order by authorizing a social code to be followed by members of a culture * Psychological – provides models for personal conduct Monomyth – common to many cultures Ritual: is a set of multiple, symbolic behaviors that occur in a fixed sequence and tend to be repeated periodically Ritual Artifacts: items used n the performance of rituals – to consumers, ex. birthday candles, diamond rings Types of ritual * Grooming rituals – purpose ranging from inspiring confidence before confronting the world to cleansing the body of dirt and other profane materials * Gift giving rituals – promotion of appropriate gifts for every conceivable holiday and occasion, three stages * 1. During gestation, giver is motivated by an event to procure a gift * 2. Presentation or process of gift exch ange * 3. Reformulation, bonds between the giver and receiver are adjust to reflect the new relationship that emerges * Re-gifting is unwanted * Holiday rituals Rites of passage: a special times marked by a change in social status, three phases * Separation – detaches from original group or status, ex. leave home for school * Liminality – person literally in between status, ex. arrival on campus tries to figure out what is happing in O week * Aggregation – when person re-enters society after the rite of passage is complete, ex. returns home for summer vacation as university â€Å"veteran† Sacred and Profane Consumption Sacred Consumption – involves objects and events that are set apart from normal activities and are treated with degree of respect awe Profane Consumption – Involves consumer objects are ordinary, everyday things we do Domains of Sacred Consumption Scared places – set apart by society because they have religious or mysti cal significant, or because commemorate some aspect of a country’s heritage * Home can be sacred place, represents a crucial distinction between the harsh, external world and consumers â€Å"inner space† * People – idolized and set apart from the masses, ex. celebrities * Event – world sports is sacred and almost assumes the status of religion, ex. Olympics * Souvenirs are big industry Desacralization: occurs when a scared item or symbol is removed from its special place becoming profane as a result * Can be religion itself, the crosses are in mainstream fashion, Christmas is more materialistic Sacralisation: When events, people take on scared meaning to a culture or a group within a culture, ex. Stanley cup, or collections Chapter 17: The Creation and Diffusion of CultureCultural Selection – how the culture in which we live creates the meanings for everyday products and how these meanings move through a society to consumers * Linking back to Chapt er 1, people buy things for what they mean, not what they do * Though it seems like we have so many choices, our options only represent a small portion * Selection of certain alternatives is the culmination of a complex filtration process resembling a funnel * Cultural selection – many possibilities initially compete for adoption slowly winnowed down to make their way along the path from conception to consumption * Our tastes and product preferences not formed in a vacuum, * Choices are driven by images presented in mass media, observations of those around us, our desire to live in a fantasy world created by marketers * Constantly evolving and changing – what is hot one year may be out the next * Characteristics of fashion and popular culture include: * Styles often rooted in and reflect deeper societal trends, ex. olitics and social conditions * Styles usually originate as an interplay between deliberate inventions of designers and businesspeople and the spontaneous a ctions of ordinary people, help fuel fire by encouraging mass distribution (those anticipate what consumers want succeed) * Trends can travel widely, often between countries and continents * Influential people in the media play a large role in deciding which trends succeed * Style begins as a risky or unique statement by a relatively small group of people spread to others increase aware of the style feel confident about trying it * Most styles eventually wear out, as people continually search for new ways to express themselves and markers try to keep up * Cultural selection process never stops, when styles become obsolete others wait to replace them in popular culture Culture Production Systems – set of individuals and organizations responsible for creating and marketing a cultural product * No single designer, company or ad agency is totally responsible for creating popular culture, may different factors * Important factors include the number and diversity of competing syste ms and the among of innovation vs. conformity that is encouraged Components of a CPS – has three major subsystems: 1. Creative subsystem – responsible for generating new symbols or products ex. singer 2.Managerial subsystem – responsible for selecting, making tangible , mass producing, and managing the distribution of new symbols or products, ex. producer/distributor of CD 3. Communication subsystem – responsible for giving meaning to new products and providing them with symbolic sets of attributes that are communicated to consumers, ex. advertising agencies hired to promote music Cultural Gatekeepers – judges or â€Å"testmakers† influence the product that are eventually offered to consumers * Filter the overflow of information and material intended for consumers, ex. movie, restaurant, car reviewers * Collectively called – throughput sector Changed from top-down to bottom up, companies listen to everyday consumers; due to factors su ch as social networking * We now live in consumerspace – where customers act as partners with companies to decide what the marketplace will offer * Xerox uses voice of the consumer data in its R&D – feedback from end customers well before it put new product on the market * First make prototype, then gets feed back â€Å"customer-led innovation† High Culture and Popular Culture * Culture production systems create many diverse kinds of products, basic distinctions through characteristics * Art Product – viewed primarily as an object of aesthetic contemplation without an functional value * Original, subtle, and valuable elite of society * Craft Product – admired because of beauty with which it performs some function, ex. ceramic ashtray * Permits rapid production High Art vs. Low Art (high and low culture) * We assume rich have culture and poor do not * Blended together in interesting ways, ex. fine art at Costco * We appreciate advertising as an art form The arts are big business, marketers often incorporate high art to promote products Cultural Formulae * Mass culture churns out products specifically for a mass market * Aiming to please average tastes of undifferentiated audience * Predictable because they follow certain patterns * Usually a formula followed because roles and props occur consistently * This means that we â€Å"recycle† images * Creative subsystem members reach back through time and remix the past, ex. Gilligan’s Island Brandy Bunch Reality Engineering – elements of popular culture are used and converted to promotional strategies * Many consumer environments have images/characters spawned by marketing campaigns or are retreads, ex.Real like Kwik-E-Mart * Hard to tell what is real – â€Å"new vintage† (used jeans) * Cultivation hypothesis – media’s ability to distort consumers’ perception of reality * Media tend to exaggerate or distort the frequency of beh aviours such as drinking and smoking Product Placement – inserting real products in movies, ex. E. T and Reese’s pieces Advergaming – online games merge with interactive advertisements that let companies target specific type of customers Plinking – embedding a product or service link in video (you-tube) The Diffusion of Innovations – process whereby a new product, service, or idea spreads through a population * New products and styles constantly enter the market * Occur both consumer and industrial setting Form of clothing, new manufacturing technique or novel way to deliver a service * If innovation is successful it spreads through the population * First bought or used by few people more and more consumers decided until everyone has bought or tried innovation Adopting Innovations * Resembles decision-making sequence, moves stages of: Awareness, information search, evaluation, trial, and adoption * Importance depends on how much is already known ab out product as a well as cultural factors that affect people’s willingness to try new things * Not al people adopt an innovation at the same rate (some never do) * Consumers can be placed into categories based on likelihood of adopting to innovation can be related to product-life-cycle) * 1/6th of population very quick to adopt new products (innovators and early adopters), 1/6th are very slow (laggards) * 2/3rds are somewhere in the middle majority represent mainstream public * interested in new things, but do not want them to be too new, wait for technology to improve, or price to fall * Innovators – brave souls, first to try new offering (maybe innovator on one thing, laggard in another) ex. fashion, vs. recording technology, highly educated, and high income levels, and socially active * Early Adopters – share similar characteristics, but difference is – degree of concern for social acceptance (20% of pop. ), use magazines to learn about new trendsTypes of Innovations – can be categorized in terms of degree to which they demand change in behavior from adopters, three categories: * Continuous innovation – modification of existing product, set one brand apart from competitors, most products this type, evolutionary * Small changes made to position, to add line extensions, or merely alleviate consumer boredom * Dynamically continuous innovation – more pronounced change in an existing product, ex. touch-tone telephones, creating some behavior change * Discontinuous innovation – major change in the way we live, ex. airplane, car, TV Prerequisites for Successful Adoption – several factors required for new product to succeed * Compatibility – compatible with consumers’ lifestyle * Trialability – more likely to adopt of they can experiment with it prior to commitment, reduce risk, ex. ree â€Å"trial-size† samples * Complexity – should be low in complexity, easier to und erstand chosen over competitor * Observability – innovation easily observable, more likely to spread, ex. visible fanny packs * Relative Advantage – most important, should offer relative advantage over alternatives The Fashion System – consist of all those people and organization involved in creating symbolic meaning and transferring those meanings to cultural goods * Fashion affects all type of cultural phenomena, including music, art, architecture, and even science * Fashion as code/language for meanings * Terms * Fashion – process of social diffusion by which a new style is adopted by some group(s) of consumers * A fashion(style) – particular ombination of attributes * In fashion – this combination is currently positively evaluated by some reference group Cultural Categories – How we characterize the world reflects the meaning we impart to products * Culture makes distinctions between different times, leisure and work, and gender * Dominant aspects/themes of culture are reflected in design/marketing of items * Costumes of politicians, rock/movie stars * 1950s/60s: â€Å"space-age† mastery * Fashion colours for each season * Creative subsystems attempt to anticipate the tastes of the buying public * Collective selection – process in which certain symbolic alternatives are chosen over others, ex. New Wave, Danish Modern, The Western Look, Nouvelle CuisineBehavioural Science Perspectives on Fashion – major approaches to fashion * Psychological Models of Fashion – explain why people are motivated to be in fashion * Includes conformity, variety seeking, personal creativity, and sexual attention, ex. consumers seek need for uniqueness, want to be different, but not too different (conform to basic guidelines but improvise and make personal statements) * Also early theory of fashion â€Å"shifting erogenous zones accounted for fashion change, different zones become the object of interest because they reflect societal trends (pg. 536) * Economic models of Fashion – terms of supply and demand * Items limited supply have high value, while readily available are less desired (rare items command respect and prestige) * Ex. wear expensive clothing to show prosperity Though in contrast – parody display 0 which they deliberately adopt low-status or inexpensive products * Prestige-exclusivity effect – high prices create high demand * Snob effect – lower prices actually reduce demand (if its cheap it isn’t good) * Sociological Models of Fashion – focuses on initial adoption of fashion by subculture and is diffusion into society as a whole * Ex. Goth culture into mainstream or hip – hop * * Trickle-down theory – important! * States that there are two conflicting forces that drive fashion change 1. Subordinate groups try to adopt the status symbols of groups above them – try to climb the later of social mobility (thu s dominant styles originate with upper classes and trickle down) 2. Those superordinate groups are constantly looking below them on the ladder to ensure they are not imitated, they adopt newer fashions * Self-perpetuating cycle of change of fashion Harder in modern times because of new developments in mass culture * Advance in technology to make people instantly aware of latest styles and trends * Each social group has own fashion innovator, trickle-across effect – fashion diffused horizontally among members of same social group * Current fashions often originate with lower classes, trickle up- less concern with maintaining status quo, more free time to innovate, take risks A â€Å"Medical† Model of Fashion – why do style diffuse through the population so quickly? * Meme theory explains the idea, meme – idea/product that enters the consciousness of people over time – includes tunes, catchphrases, or styles like Hush Puppies * Memes spread among con sumers in a geometric progression, like a virus, starts off small and steadily infects increasing number of people until it becomes epidemic * Leap from brain to brain via processes of imitation To survive must be distinctive and memorable * Tipping point – when process reaches the moment of critical mass Cycles of Fashion Adoption * Fashion cycle – much similar to product life cycle, progresses through birth to death * Fashion acceptance cycle * Introduction stage – a song is listened to by smaller number of music innovators * Acceptance stage – song enjoys increased social visibility and accepted by large segments of population, wide airplay on Top 40 Stations * Regression stage – item reaches a state of social saturation, becomes overused, sinks into decline and new songs take its place * Different classes of fashions can be identified by considering relative ength of the fashion acceptance cycle * Classic – fashion with extremely long ac ceptance cycle, low risk * Fad – very short-lived fashion, usually adopted by relatively few people, trickles across common subculture, rarely breaks out of specific group, ex. hula hoops, snap bracelets, and pet rocks, or streaking in mid -1970s * Non-utilitarian – not performed any meaningful function * Adopted on impulse * Diffused rapidly, gains quick acceptance, and is short-lived Fad or Trend * Guidelines for long-term trends: * Fits with basic lifestyle changes * A real benefit should be evident * Can be personalized * Not a side effect or a carryover effect * Important market segments adopt change